Length of tangent from external point at distance d from center to circle of radius r. Uses Pythagoras theorem.
Surveying — Line-of-sight distance to curved surfaces.
Architecture — Tangent walls to circular structures.
Road design — Transition curves entering roundabouts.
Optics — Light tangent to curved mirrors.
Astronomy — Horizon distance calculations.
Engineering — Belt length around pulleys.
Sports — Tangent paths in racing tracks.
Navigation — Great circle sailing calculations.
Physics — Particle trajectories past spheres.
CAD — Fillet and blend calculations.
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