Calculus
Class 12

Integration - Trigonometric

sinxdx=cosx+C\int \sin x \, dx = -\cos x + C
024681012−1−0.500.51
∫sin(x)dx = -cos(x) + C

Integral of sine is negative cosine. Similarly, ∫cos(x)dx = sin(x) + C.

Real-World Applications

AC circuits — Energy stored in inductors/capacitors over a cycle.

Wave physics — Total displacement in oscillatory motion.

Signal processing — Area under sinusoidal waveforms.

Acoustics — Sound energy calculations.

Optics — Light intensity in interference patterns.

Mechanical vibrations — Work done by oscillating forces.

Electrical engineering — RMS value calculations.

Oceanography — Wave energy content.

Music synthesis — Waveform generation.

Control systems — Sinusoidal response analysis.

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