Probability of A given that B has occurred. Fundamental to Bayesian reasoning and machine learning.
Medical diagnosis — P(disease | positive test).
Spam filtering — P(spam | contains "free money").
Recommendation systems — P(buy | viewed similar item).
Weather — P(rain | cloudy).
Insurance — P(claim | young driver).
Marketing — P(purchase | saw ad).
Criminal justice — P(guilty | evidence).
Credit scoring — P(default | income level).
Quality control — P(defective | machine A).
Genetics — P(disease | gene present).
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